1. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)

• Assign system access permissions strictly based on job roles and responsibilities.
• Define roles such as Admin, User, Auditor, etc., with clear access privileges.
• Implement least privilege principle – users only access what they need.

2. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

• Enforce MFA for all access to internal systems, cloud services, and sensitive data environments.
• Combine passwords/PINs with a secondary factor (e.g., OTP, biometric, hardware token).

3. Identity and Access Management (IAM)

• Use an IAM solution to manage digital identities, authentication, and authorization.
• Conduct periodic access reviews to ensure terminated or transferred users no longer have access.
• Automate provisioning and de-provisioning of user access.

4. Strong Password Policies

• Enforce minimum password length, complexity, and rotation policies.
• Prohibit reuse of previous passwords and block common passwords using filters.

5. Endpoint Security Controls

• Require company-managed devices with security tools installed (antivirus, disk encryption).
• Block access from unauthorized or jailbroken devices.

6. Secure Remote Access

• Provide remote access via Virtual Private Network (VPN) with encrypted channels.
• Implement Network Access Control (NAC) to enforce posture checks before granting access.

7. Access Logging and Monitoring

• Maintain detailed logs of access to systems, applications, and databases.
• Enable alerts for unusual access patterns, multiple failed login attempts, or privilege escalations.

8. Time-Bound and Just-In-Time (JIT) Access

• For highly sensitive data, grant temporary access for a specific task or time window.
• Use Just-In-Time (JIT) provisioning tools to automatically revoke access after use.

9. Segregation of Duties (SoD)

• Ensure critical functions (e.g., access control configuration and access review) are separated among different personnel to avoid abuse.

10. Access to Data Processors

• Monitor and control third-party/vendor access to systems.
• Provide access only via secure, monitored channels, and ensure contractual controls are in place.
• Ensure Data Processing Agreements (DPA) define clear access responsibilities.

11. Regular Audits and Penetration Testing

• Perform internal and external audits on access controls.
• Conduct penetration testing to evaluate how securely resources are protected from unauthorized access.